Book Reviews

It is a great pleasure to see a new publication in the Flore du Cameroun series, this being the fourth recent volume of this work following a decade-long hiatus from 2001 to 2011. The recent revival of this excellent Flora reflects a more general resurgence in African floristics including the resurrection of the Flore du Gabon and the Flore d'Afrique Centrale and the arrival of new national initiatives such as the Flora of Namibia. Long may this interest in documenting African plant diversity continue! This new volume provides a detailed account of the 22 species of the genus Chlorophytum that occur in Cameroon, a small but difficult group that were in much need of revision in the region. Charlotte Bjorå and Inger Nordal have produced an excellent treatment complete with a clear key to species, concise descriptions and useful habitat and distribution notes. Particularly helpful is the inclusion of full specimen citations and an appended exsiccatae list which will be of great use in the re-curation of herbarium collections of Cameroonian Chlorophytum. Following the full species accounts, four " uncertain species " are noted. Two of these are already formally described and appear, from the accompanying notes, to be suitably distinct from the other Cameroonian species such that they could conceivably have been treated in full and included within the key. This would have better highlighted the urgent need to gather more information on these species that are of potentially high conservation concern. The volume is illustrated by six line drawings reproduced from previously published Flora volumes, mostly from the 1997 treatment of Anthericaceae in the Flora of Tropical East Africa. Whilst these are excellent illustrations, two of the composite plates include species (and in one of these cases a genus) that are not represented in Cameroon. This is rather confusing, particularly in the case of Plate 4 where the Cameroonian species represented is restricted to only a flowering and fruiting node of the inflorescence. However, this is only a minor criticism and it is fully understandable that with such limited funds available for Flora production, editors must make use of whatever resources are available to them. In an addition to the Flora format, brief conservation notes are provided for each species, based on the previous checklist and Red List of Cameroonian plants by Jean-Michel Onana and Martin Cheek. Six of the 22 species recognised here are assessed as globally …

the white of the mushroom. They fall on the grass, or on the ground; and the author thinks that they are not altered when taken into the stomachs of animals, but are voided with'the excrements in a round state.
We may easily see these seeds by suspending a champignon, in autumn, close to a mirror. The surface of the glass is soon tarnished and covered with a dust, which is the seed. We must here take the liberty to remark, that this opinion respecting the seed of champignons, does not seem completely unobjectionable.
M. Paulet assures us, that the white of the champignon, before ?germinating, is heated and swelled, and undergoes a perceptible fermentation.
The two chief causes of the developement of champignons, are heat and humidity combined : spring and autumn are th'e two seasons in which these requisites are prevalent in France. If summer and winter happen to be soft and rainy, they grow in these seasons also.
The most proper substances for favoring their developement, are vegetable matters in a state of decomposition ; and animal matters combined with them, such as dung. When champignons grow on the trunks of trees, they indicate a decay in the wood. rI he author afterwards treats of the sign-, by . which we may distinguish salutary from poisonous champignons ; and points out the best method of counteracting the effects of those which are de-. leterious, when they have been taken into the stomach.
Almost all those of good quality are of a white, dry, firm texture, and grow in open places exposed to the sun. Those  animals, scarcely ever attack any champignons,, but those which are salutary to human beings. Those may be regarded as suspicious that are heavy, and of a variegated colour externally ; as ?i]so those which change colour when cut or broken. The same may be said of the species with bulbous stalks, proceeding from an envelope; and of those which grow at the foot of certain trees, particularly the olive, elder, yew, elm, or fig-trees. The autumnal months produce more poisonous champignons than the spring.
Champignons may be injurious in several different ways ; in some cases, on account of their coriaceous texture ; in others, on account of their cottony or "spongy texture, which imbibe the juices of the stomach, and swells like a spunge ; and in others, from their having undergone some alteration, as the common champignon, fur instance, when it becomes black. The other kinds used, the lycoperdons, or furze-balls, when they have attained their slate of maturity;.i. e. when the pulp assumes a greyish colour, are equally prejudicial. Lastly, there are great numbers which contain a very deleterious resinous principle ; such as the false orange, the green orange, &c. as they are called in France.
Several among the poisonous champignons do not produce their effects until ten or twelve hours after having been introduced into the stomach. These are the most dangerous of all; and the remedies which we may employ with success in other circumstances, are in these fruitless, and even frequently injurious. From a great number of experiments made on animals and men, poisoned by champignons, M. Paulet asserts, that vitriolic ether sensibly diminishes the activity of the poison, and prolongs life a little; but that the most certain remedies are evacuants, particularly emetics, if given soon after the champignons have been received into the stomach. Oil, theriaca, milk, spirits, vinegar, and salt water, according to M. Paulet, have no effect. Oil and milk, however, may be employed as emollients, when the emetic has emptied the stomach.
After these general considerations, the author gives, in a second chapter, a new classification of champignons, according to their natural resemblance. He divides them into tour Classes: the first comprehends those which have a hat or parasol, becoming thinner towards the edges. The second, those with a membranous skin, and of equal thickness throughout their whole extent; folded and plaited in different directions, like morels. In the third class arc comprehended the fingered (digites) champignons, and those without hats. The fourth contains the globular champignons, tho seeds of which kre contained in the interior, such as the lycoperdons.
These classes arc divided into orders, the orders into genera, and the genera into families, which comprehend the species. To these M. Paulet has given French names, and described them with great precision. To each of the descriptions are added numerous experiments ma^le. on animals, with a view to ascertain the deleterious . ' ' ' effects Mr. Ward, on Opiate Friction. 71 fleets of var ious kinds of champignons; and to' discover the best means of destroying or diminishing their influence. This part of the work is particularly interesting.
The author recounts a number of accidents from poisoned champignons in different countries. These species are much more numerous than is generally supposed. It would be very desirable to disseminate, as widely as possible, all the information we possess, with respect to the distinctive characters of good or bad champignons.
Jn this respect the work is invaluable; particularly as it is accompanied by coloured engravings, extremely well executed.
M. Paulet has been, from his infancy, attached to the study of this particular department in botany; and we trust" that he will continue his inquiries on the subject. of which the following is a transcript:? " In this letter the observations contained in the preceding article*, are partly contradicted and partly confirmed. The author, who is veil known, from his very elaborate work on mental derangement, is chief Physician to the great Hospital of St. Boniface, which is appropriated entirely to maniacs. In treating their diseases, Dr. Chiarenti's discovery promised to be of great importance; and our author immediately resolved to carry it into practice. He was not, however, ignorant of the effects already observed by many practitioners from the external exhibition of this drug; and was persuaded that its action on the nervous system might be obtained, though not introduced into the stomach, -without being dissolved in the gastric fluid, from the mere emanation of its volatile aroma.
He, therefore, resolved to try it in the v form of a simple ointment, made by incorporating a drachm ot finely powdered opium with a pound of axungi;. An ounce of * " A Discourse on the Mode of acting on the Human Body, by means, of Frictions made with Saliva and other Animal Fluids, and t!ie various. Substances commonly given internally. Recited in the University of Pavia.
Bv Cit. V. L. Bcera," M.U. Professor of Medicine, Clinical Lecturer and, Surgeon to the National Legion of Pavia." 3d Edit. 179G. F t the same manner); hence the characteristic symptom of the disease, horror at the approach of liquids or food; hence also the ihefficacy and fatal consequences of administering medicines internally, and the ervtlty of urging the patient to swullow liquids. There are also convulsive motions of the heart and arteries, evinced by the violent palpitations, which often take place. At the same time the voluntary muscles belong ing to the chest and extremities arc variously and violently agitated and convulsed' (the nervous power in them being abundant, and its action retrograde, but less so than in spasm the energy of the brain s-eems also, in some cases, to be increased). In some instances, there is merely an increased action of the voluntary muscles ; in othersf the latter are affected, partially or generally, with spasmodic or retrograde action, as in tetanus; all these circumstances contributing to produce that wonderful and horrible variety observable in the disease *t" On * " If the delineation which is here given of the nature, causes, and phenomena, of hydrophobia, be in any tolerable degree correct, and I have taken great pains to render it so, we need look no farther for a solu-, tion of the long agitated question respecting the uniform failure of the treatment it has undergone, and the consequent mortality of the disease. rlhe reason is, (as I have long since observed) " the plan which has been adopted is altogether improper." It is not to any particular medicine that I object, but to medicines generally, given by the mouth. The fact is, we have had recourse to means, or, what amounts to the same thing, to method!; of administering those means, which it is impossible in the nature of things should ever succeed, on account of the sensibility, irritability, and mobility of the pharynx and ctsophagus, and the spasmodic and retrograde motions with zohich th ey are, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, affected. Hence the necessity which I have long ago and repeatedly insisted npon, " Of an entire change in our manner of proceeding, before any progress can be made in the methodus inedendiand the propriety "Of voiding every thing which can tend to agitate and alarm, excite uneasy sensations, or bring on a return of the spasms." In conformity to this inten-, tion, instead of importuning the unfortunate sufferer to swallow medicines, or liquids, of which he has so great a dread, clysters should bp given every four or five hours to support the strength, consisting of good broth, milk, &c. with from 30 to 40 drops of laudanum in each. And however long the present irritating plans of treatment may be continued, to these, atfd ?liters of a corresponding nature, we must, sooner or later, resort. This, however, will, in all probability, be a work of time. Opinions of a contrary kind, which have been so long in use, do not immediately lose their influence. Besides, to propose to relinquish the internal use of medicines, and to substitute external remedies in their stead (for it will be useless to compromise the matter by uniting the tvo plans, which seems to be the prevailing mode at present); and to call in question the propriety of the yerv common, but injudicious practice of inviting, and even soliciting, this pitiable ciass of patients to take medicines, drink water, &c. (which is infinitely more tantalising, and not more humane, than to propose a walk to a bed-ridden paralytic); or what is equally shocking to the feelings, of pouring water from one vessel to another in the same or. an adjoining jowl), (when the surprize of the spectators is always in proportion to the horror 74 Mr. Ward, on the Opiate Frittion.
Or. the supposition that diabetes is a spasmodic disease, the Author'republishes his-paper contained in our 7th volume, p. 503, to v hich we refer our Readers. Some other papers follow, extracted also from our Journal, containing further remarks on hydrophobia, tetanus, diabetes, and a case of opisthotonus successfully treated by Mr. Naylor of Gloucester. A case of trismus, cured by cold affusion, is also extracted from the Edinburgh Journal, some others from our own, and likewise from the publications of. individuals.
A very interesting case of epilepsy is subjoined, in which the opiate frictions on the arms seem to have induced a temporary paralysis of those limbs. The patient continued to have slighter paroxysms for three succeeding years ; "whether (says Mr. Ward) owing to the timely use of the proper mean?, or to a change in the habits of the patient, I cannot say certainly; probably to both of these causes." That the last is the most probable is to us confirmed by a subsequent Note, from which it appears that a change of diet, joined to a copious bleeding, had produced effects still more important.

"
In an epileptic patient (says our Author) who was under my care so long ago as the year 1792, a permanent cure was effected by one copious bleeding during the paroxysm, followed after a short interval (which was employed in exhibiting an emetic, aperients. Ittyrror expressed by the patient) are regulations so directly contrary to those which custom has established, that instead of being surprized at their not having produced all the effects I wish, the wonder is, all things considered, that they should have had any effect at all.' " But what renders the prospect still more discouraging is, that a formidable list of internal and other remedies (as they are called) still remains untried, each of which, it is to be feared, will be allowed its share of victims. " Among others which have been proposed (exclusive of a multiplicity of nostrums which still retain their influence) are wine, either alone or mixed with some of the mineral acids or vinegar; thieves vinegar; wine and vinegar injected per aniim; capsicum and other aromatics; some of the concrete acids, such ?.s the essential salt of tartar, of lemons, or the fiores benzoes, joined with capsicum or other aromatics, formed into bo-Itisses with flour and water; ipecacuanha joined with acids and aromatics; tartari/.ed antimony ; copious bleeding, joined with an antiphlogistic regimen and medicines; nitrous and other mineral acids; olive oil in large quantities; strong purgatives; cob-web; &c. &c. And, as if to show how* far, in this particular instance, credulity may be carried, bronchotmny has been advised by Dr. Hush ! I am told too, that the experiment has been tried. Need I add, but without success.
Dr. Hoopers Physicians Vadc Mccum. 75 rients, &c.) by a moderate use of cold bathing, and a complete change in the accustomed habits with regard to diet, exercise, &c." The following case is scarcely less interesting. " M. J. II , ret. 22, addicted tohard drinking, has had repeated attacks of maniacal delirium ; the last and most severe of which was in August 1&0S. After several very turbulent and sleepless nights, I was called in on the evening of the 30th. A considerable degree of fever prevailed ; the circulation was hurried ; he talked incessantly, and every movement was expressive of the greatest possible degree of terror and alarm ; to escape from the imaginary causes of which^ he was constantly endeavouring to get away from his attendants, especially during the night. " Bleeding, refrigerants, purgatives, antispasmodics, and the opiate friction, were prescribed ; a strait waistcoat was also procured, to be in readiness : a precaution which happily proved unnecessary.
" The opiate friction was applied sOon after he had been bled, (both of which were performed with difficulty, owing to the extreme restlessness) and ordered to be repeated every two or three hours, till he became more composed ; the good effects of which were very soon evident, so much so, that it was used only twice in the course of the night : and at my next visit, the day following, I found him in a state of comparative ease and composure both of body and mind.
" ? " Without continuing the narrative it will be sufficient to observe, that he was so completely recovered by the 5th of September, as to require no farther assistance,' either medical or otherwise." Another similar case, is related by Dr. Bardsley. This success induced the author to make trial of the remedy in many other cases of spasm or convulsion, and often with advantage; among others, in convulsions during the eruptive fever in small-pox. The mention of this disease produces a Note on cow-pox, and a wish for parliamentary interference relative to the variolous infection. We heartily join in the wish, that the question should be subjected to such an inquiry as may lead to a just knowledge of its whole bearing. We shall here conclude our remarks with thanking the Author for the evidence he has collected on the mode of exhibiting, an important remedy, which seems likely to alleviate diseases hitherto considered as de-perate. tie; the leading object of all being professedly, to exhibit a concise view of the state of the practice at the time they were published. The general theory of diseases has long become pretty steady, ov .perhaps, a general indifference to it has discouraged speculative .writers; but the practice is perpetually varying, 011 account of the introduction of new remedies, o;? mew modes of exhibiting the old Sones.
A new disease occasionally presents itself also, which requires some time and experience to ascertain the best manner of treating it. Of this kind are the Yellow Fever, Cow pox, Tic Doloureux, &c.
Several diseases also which have been long fynown, but the treatment of which is generally ambiguous or unsuccessful, will never fail to exercise the industry and ingenuity of practitioners. To this class belong, Hydrophobia; Hydrothorax-j Gout; Chronic Rheumatism; Mania ; Cancer, &c.
These causes are sufficient to stimulate experienced, or experimental practitioners, to communicate every improvement of importance to the public as. soon as possible ; and we rejoice in.being iable to say, that this Journal has been the vehicle of many such improvements.
The present publication, ngreeably to the object of such works, exhibits an outline of the state of the pructice of medicine at this ?time, according to the author's i leas on the subject. We must, however, inform our readers, that the names employed in the New London Pharmacopoeia could not be introduced into this publication, as it was probably printed some time antecedent to the publication of that work. This defect may easily be supplied at present, by means of the lists, containing the new and old names, iold by all the medical booksellers; doubtless, the next edition will contain the new names.
In the execution of 'this work the author has followed the arrangement and names of Dr. Cullen's Nosology, which is now generally followed in these islands, and is, certainly, the best calculated for teaching. But in distinguishing some of the species, he lias suffered himself to be too implicitly guided by that great authority, for the general purposes of practice.
As a Text-book for lectures, such specific distinctions may be very proper, but as a guide to young practitioners, we think them 'liable to mislead.
The distinction, for instance, between typhus mitior and gravior; scarlatina cynanchica, and cynatiche maligna ; sanguienous and serous apoplexy; with several others of this kind, must be considered only as land marks to the lecturers, not as guides to ?practice; 1 In the preface, the author says, "he has discarded all theory, and retained only those leading facts which it is absolutely necessary for a practin'oncr to be acquainted with, when he approaches the bed-side of a patient.'' The order in which each disease'is treated we think unexceptionable, able, and commences generally with the nosology. An enumeration of the symptoms and signs is next given, which very properly introduces an account of the causes both predisposing and exciting.
The author has purposely, and we think very judiciously, avordetl those useless theoretical disquisitions about proximate causes, which tend more to embarrass than promote the science of medicine.
The accurate distinction of diseases being a point of the greatest importance in practice. Dr. H. has given all the diagnostic signs and symptoms with particular care, 'ihe prognosis is often involved' in considerable difficulty, and yet the relations and fiiends of the patient always expect the medical attendant U> give an early opinion on that subject. The proper directions on this head are always given,.
Jflje treatment, or manner of conducting the cure, concludes each disease; and after the proper indications have been laid do.u n, and the means of fulfilling them pointed out, we have a very copious list of remedies, both simple and compound.-Though the above exhibits the general plan of treating each malady, there must necessarily be many deviations from it. Several morbid affections have a specific exciting cause which requires no predisposition : some few have no known remedy, as hydrophobia and cancer; in which the prognosis also, is sufficiently obvious without written instructions.
Mr. Ware, on Purulent QpJitlialmy. the gonorrhoea we do not know; but it is communicated by the application of a peculiar poison to the urethra, which inflames and excites a considerable purulent discharge from it. It is rarely productive, however, of any ulceration in the inflamed part, or any affection of the general constitution. In like manner, the purulent ophthalmy, (without inquiring at present into its first cause) appears to me to be in general communicated by the application of a peculiar poison to the tunica conjunctiva, which inflames and produces a considerable discharge from it, but rarqiy occasions any ulceration iu this tunic,* or any affection of the general system. Infants, as well as adults, are subject to the purulent ophthalmy : and it is a fact, well deserving notice, that some of the worst cases of: this disorder that have occurred in infants, have happened in those ?whose mothers were subject to an acrimonious discharge from-ihe vagina at the time the infants were born. Some-of the worst case3 also, that have occurred in adults, have happened in those, who either shortly before the attack of the ophthalmy, or at that very lime, laboured under either a gonorrhoea, or gleet.f I dt* not mean to attribute every opthalmy of this kind to such acause. I am aware that it has sometimes occurred, and in the most violent degree-, when no such circumstance could be suspected ; but in the far greater number of adults whom I have seen affected by it, if the disorder had not been produced by the application of morbid matter from a diseased eye* 1 have been able to trace a connection between the ophthalmy and some degree of morbid affection in the urinary canal." Mr. Ware proceeds further to remark, that this purulent ophthalmia, even when arising from the contact of gonorrheal matter, is not to be confounded with the true venereal ophthalmia occuring among the secondary symptoms of that disease, and which he describes thus.
i " Incases of this latter description there: is generally a great Exacerbation of pain during the night, and the internal parts of the eye are particularly.affected. The pupil is usually contracted, and loses the power of altering its size iu different degrees of light. The iris * Strictures in the urethra, n6t unfrequbitly Tc&oxv a gonorrhoea; and Ulcers of the cornea, as well as a rupture of this tunic, isojt unfrequently follow a purulent ophthalmy. But the fonner does not afford a proof of the previous existence of an1 ulcer in the urethra ; nor does the latter, that an ulceration had previously taken place in the tunica conjunctiva.
f" JDr. Vetch observes in his account of " the Ophthalmia which apu peared in England since theTeturn of the British army from Egypt," p. 3, that in the 2d battalion of the 52(1 regiment, in which'the disorder occurred, with a severity then unprecedented in this country, 'that a excepta great proportion of venereal cases,7' no particular distemper seemed to prevail j 'and the number of patients jn'the hospital were rapidly decreasing, whea the first case :of ophthalmia made its appearance. .Among these=venereal cases is it not highly proBabie that not a few had the gonorrhoea ? Identities Ascertained. \ 79 iris assumes a greenish colour, and pustules not unfrcquently form upon it." We cannot help suspecting some ambiguity in this account, though we are ready with the author to admit that the purulent ophthalmia, if venereal, must in all probability arise from the immediate cause to which he ascribes it, because we have no instance in which secondary symptoms of lues venera affected mucous membranes, excepting by ulceration.
Abstracted from the practical remarks, the above are the principal objects of this useful little pamphlet. The practical remarks, "though highly valuable, as might be expected from the long experience of the author, are so compressed, that we must refer those who feel particularly interested in this branch of the profession to rthe work itself. Identities Ascertained ; or an Illustration of Mr. Ware's Opinion .respecting the Sameness of Infection in Venereal Gonurrhcea, and the Ophthalmy of Egypt ; with an Examination of Affinity between ancient Leprosy and Lues. Ix commenting on Mr. Ware's opinion, the lively author of this little production seems alternately in joke and in earnest. We find it extremely difficult to conceive him in earnest, when he admits, with so much ease, a position of Mr. Jesse Foot, and drawing an inference from it, which, even if the position were -just, would be neither necessary nor even consequent. jdeniities Ancertaintd. eyes is equally susceptible?the lips are susceptible?-the nipples cH? a woman are susceptible?the anus is susceptible. But these diseases are never communicated to these parts from any person's own body. A chancre in the glans penis is never communicated to the prepuce, where there is a perpetual point of contact. It was supposed that contiguity of situation rendered parts unsusceptible. This .was endeavouring to account, in a very superficial way, for what could not be comprehended : for it had never been presumed, that every part of the identical body was equally unsusceptible as parts in the neighbourhood*, It was a limited assent to that principle, which is general over the body?an acknowledgment extorted from observation of matter being in constant application to the neighbouring parts without any effect being produced Upon them. The inability, however, of receiving impression from the poison, does not depend on contiguity or remoteness, but is universal over the surface. When this is admitted, there will be fto difficulty in conceiving the matters of gonorrhoea and of purulerit ophthalmy to be the same, although they are so seldom known to have occurred together in the same subject." Is it not well known, that Mr. Hunter inoculated two subjects with their own venereal matter, and produced chancres? That the Buttons and Dr. Woodville inoculated subjects from their own primary variolous pustules, and thus contrived to satisfy their minds by the appearance4, of a general eruption ? Need We mention the number of instancess recorded in our Journal, of young subjects who have infected themselves by their own vaccine virus ?
We agree with the author, in considering the idea of metastasis, by some called the retrocedent gonorrhoea, as a wild hypothesis, and that if a purulent ophthalmia ever arises from such a cause, it must be by actual contact; but again, we see no reason why that matter should not be from the same individual. It is further urged, that if such were the cause, we should sometimes find ul-cers in the eye, as gonorrhceal matter may produce chancres. It should however be recollected, that the eye is a secreting surface as well as the'urethra, and therefore less likely to be ulcerated ; but it is not less-certain, that ulceration does sometimes occur, probably quite as often at the comparative ratio between the gonorrhoea and ulcers at the mouth of the urethra. This part of the argument is concluded by a reference to the controversy which has so often come before us, concerning the identity of the vene->eal and chancrous virus. As the author refers to no experiments, it is not to be wondered if he leaves the matter undecided, though be seems to lean to the opinion that the virus of each is different.
This leads to another suggestion, concerning the existence of the venereal disease, under the name of leprosy, anterior to the siege of Naples. In this, the old controversy of Becket, Astruc, and others, is renewed ; and at last, the author, not content with, the identities before remarked, seems determined to confound all distinctions; ? *v \ ? " In \ 1 I " In recent times, the primary affections of the venereal disease were in possession of the mouth in some parts of the world, and 'the communication of infection the same as in leprosy of old. An ingenious pamphlet was published about thirty years ago, respecting sunch a condition of the disease in Paul's Head B?y, on the Northern coast of America. The name of the author does not now recur to the mind. A disease, under similar shape, has been long known in Scotland, among people of the lowest condition, under the denomination of Sibbens. Mr. Benjamin Bell has made particular mention of it in his Treatise on the Venereal Disease.
There is not a doubt that these diseases were, .in both instances, the true venereal malady, with all that acrimony of contagion which distinguishes a primary venereal .ulcer wherever it may be found. They were genuine leprosy, of which the circulation did not take place by venereal intercourse, but from other opportunities of contact in the common concerns of life; and if the aid of mercury was not cultivated, would have proceeded to as dreadful extremity as leprosy in any age. They have been considered a different kind of the venereal disease. The only difference is in the primary symptoms, which alone can convey infection, being in a different situation.
Upon the surface of a spoon, or the edge of a drinking cup, their matter would communicate the most malignant venom to the lips or fauces of another person, while perfectly innocent to every other part of the surface of the body by which it was produced." To say no more, it is at least bold in this anonymous Writer, to offer so decided an opinion on three diseases, two of which he does not pretend ever to have seen, yet modestly sets to rights those . who have taken pains to mark all the distinctions.
The remainder of the pamphlet again refers to the strange notion, that matter from the same individual, applied to a different part, will produce no infection. On this subject, we wish the Author to study Mr. Hunter, instead of skimming over thfc pages Of Mr. Foot.